Real-world effectiveness and factors associated with increased mortality in non-critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia receiving remdesivir.

OBJECTIVES: Evidence on the effectiveness of remdesivir when used in real-life clinical practice is controversial. This study aims to analyse its effectiveness and the factors associated with increased mortality in non-critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who require supplemental low-flow oxygen and received remdesivir. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Ramón y Cajal University Hospital (Madrid, Spain) which included all patients treated with remdesivir in our institution during the second pandemic breakout in Spain, from August to November 2020. Treatment with remdesivir was limited to non-critically ill patients with COVID-19 pneumonia requiring low-flow supplemental oxygen, with a treatment duration of 5 days. RESULTS: A total of 1757 patients were admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia during the study period, of which 281 non-critically ill patients were treated with remdesivir and included in the analysis. Mortality at 28 days after initiation of treatment was 17.1%. The median (IQR) time to recovery was 9 days (6-15). 104 (37.0%) patients had complications during hospitalisation, with renal failure being the most frequent (31 patients; 36.5%). After adjustment for confounding factors, high-flow oxygen therapy was associated with increased 28-day mortality (HR 2.77; 95% CI 1.39 to 5.53; p=0.004) and decreased 28-day clinical improvement (HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.85; p=0.008). A significant difference in survival and clinical improvement was identified between patients treated with high and low-flow oxygen. CONCLUSION: The 28-day mortality rate in patients treated with remdesivir needing low-flow oxygen therapy was higher than that published in clinical trials. Age and increased oxygen therapy needed after the beginning of treatment were the main risk factors associated with mortality.

En respuesta a «Cribado para la detección de VIH y su posible implicación en los pacientes con ictus» / In reply to «HIV screening and its possible involvement in patients with stroke»

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Increased HIV infection in patients with stroke in Spain. A 16-year population-based study / Aumento de la infección por VIH en pacientes con ictus en España. Estudio poblacional a nivel nacional a lo largo de 16 años

INTRODUCTION: An increased incidence of stroke in HIV-infected patients has already been reported, suggesting that HIV infection may be a cerebrovascular risk factor. The objective of this study was to assess temporal trends in the proportion of HIV infection among patients with stroke in Spain. METHODS: Data were obtained from the minimum basic dataset (MBDS) of all patients hospitalized in Spain between 1997 and 2012 with a primary or secondary diagnosis of stroke. The annual proportion of HIV infection and time trends (stratifying by type of stroke and HIV stage) were calculated, and predictors of HIV infection and the social and economic impact of HIV-infected (HIV+) and non-infected (HIV−) patients were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 857,371 patients hospitalized with an incident stroke, 2134 (0.25%) had HIV infection. A 2.5% year-on-year increase (OR 1.025, 95% CI 1.015-1.036, p < 0.0001) of the proportion of HIV-infected patients was observed due to an increase in the asymptomatic stage of the infection (per year OR 1.077, 95% CI 1.057-1.097, p < 0.0001), as the proportion of patients with AIDS remained stable. Factors independently associated with HIV infection and stroke were active smoking, stimulating drugs and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A higher mortality rate, longer hospital stay and a higher cost per hospitalized patient was observed among HIV+ patients. CONCLUSIONS: From 1997 to 2012, there was an increase in the proportion of HIV infection among patients hospitalized with stroke irrespective of the classical vascular risk factors, reinforcing the role of HIV infection as a cerebrovascular risk factor

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se ha observado previamente un aumento de la incidencia de ictus en pacientes con VIH (VIH+), lo que sugiere que esta infección es un factor de riesgo cerebrovascular (FRCV). El objetivo fue analizar las tendencias temporales del porcentaje de VIH+ en pacientes con ictus en España. MÉTODOS: Los datos se obtuvieron del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos (CMBD), incluyendo a todos los pacientes hospitalizados en España entre 1997 y 2012 con un diagnóstico primario o secundario de ictus. Se calcularon el porcentaje anual de infección por VIH y las tendencias temporales (estratificados por el tipo de ictus y el estadio del VIH), así como los factores predictores independientes de infección por VIH en pacientes con ictus. La mortalidad, las estancias hospitalarias y el coste por paciente fueron similares entre los pacientes VIH+ y los pacientes no infectados por el VIH (VIH-). RESULTADOS: De los 857.371 pacientes hospitalizados con un ictus incidente, 2.134 (0,25%) presentaban infección por VIH. Se observó un aumento de un 2,5% anual (OR: 1,025; IC del 95%: 1,015-1,036; p < 0,0001) en el porcentaje de infección por VIH, secundario a un aumento en el estadio asintomático de la infección (OR anual: 1,077; IC del 95%: 1,057-1,097; p < 0,0001), puesto que el porcentaje permaneció estable en pacientes con SIDA. La infección por el virus de la hepatitis C (VHC), el consumo de drogas estimulantes y el tabaquismo activo fueron factores independientemente asociados a sufrir un ictus y presentar VIH. Se observó una mayor mortalidad (OR: 1,81; p < 0,0001) y una mayor estancia hospitalaria y coste por paciente hospitalizado en los pacientes VIH+. CONCLUSIONES: De 1997 a 2012, se ha observado un aumento del porcentaje de infección por VIH en pacientes hospitalizados con ictus independientemente de los factores de riesgo clásicos, lo que refuerza el papel de las infecciones por VIH como FRCV

Increased HIV infection in patients with stroke in Spain. A 16-year population-based study.

INTRODUCTION: An increased incidence of stroke in HIV-infected patients has already been reported, suggesting that HIV infection may be a cerebrovascular risk factor. The objective of this study was to assess temporal trends in the proportion of HIV infection among patients with stroke in Spain. METHODS: Data were obtained from the minimum basic dataset (MBDS) of all patients hospitalized in Spain between 1997 and 2012 with a primary or secondary diagnosis of stroke. The annual proportion of HIV infection and time trends (stratifying by type of stroke and HIV stage) were calculated, and predictors of HIV infection and the social and economic impact of HIV-infected (HIV+) and non-infected (HIV-) patients were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 857,371 patients hospitalized with an incident stroke, 2134 (0.25%) had HIV infection. A 2.5% year-on-year increase (OR 1.025, 95% CI 1.015-1.036, p<0.0001) of the proportion of HIV-infected patients was observed due to an increase in the asymptomatic stage of the infection (per year OR 1.077, 95% CI 1.057-1.097, p<0.0001), as the proportion of patients with AIDS remained stable. Factors independently associated with HIV infection and stroke were active smoking, stimulating drugs and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A higher mortality rate, longer hospital stay and a higher cost per hospitalized patient was observed among HIV+ patients. CONCLUSIONS: From 1997 to 2012, there was an increase in the proportion of HIV infection among patients hospitalized with stroke irrespective of the classical vascular risk factors, reinforcing the role of HIV infection as a cerebrovascular risk factor.

[Gustavo Pittaluga and the expedition to study sleeping sickness in the Spanish territories of the Gulf of Guinea (1909)]. / Gustavo Pittaluga y la expedición para el estudio de la enfermedad del sueño en los territorios españoles del golfo de Guinea (1909).

INTRODUCTION: Sleeping sickness, or human African trypanosomiasis, caused an important mortality at the beginnings of the twentieth century. For this reason the European colonial countries organized several scientific expeditions which contributed decisively to the knowledge of the disease. AIM: To study the first investigation performed in Spain on African trypanosomiasis and in the field of tropical medicine, which was accomplished by a scientific expedition to the Spanish territories in the Gulf of Guinea organized by Cajal in 1909. DEVELOPMENT: The parasitologist Gustavo Pittaluga, who became one of the most outstanding figures in Spanish medicine and public health during the first third of the twentieth century, commanded the expedition. Other members were Luis Rodriguez Illera and Jorge Ramon Fananas, Cajal's son. Along four months they travelled through the Spanish territories of Guinea, collecting clinical and epidemiological information on sleeping sickness and other diseases, and examining a great number of patients, who had hematological and parasitological studies performed. In the clinical description of the 14 cases of trypanosomiasis studied we have found the first description of the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. A pathological study of the brain was performed in one case. In addition, important entomological studies and experimental investigations on trypanosomiasis were also performed. CONCLUSIONS: This expedition took place in the context of the impulse of renovation of Spanish science headed by Cajal through the Junta de Ampliacion de Estudios, recently created. In the investigations performed in Guinea, Pittaluga demonstrated a high scientific standard in the fields of clinical medicine, hygiene, parasitology and entomology, comparable with other contemporary European studies.

Sarcoma de Kaposi gástrico asociado a infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (variante epidémica) / Kaposis sarcoma of the stomach with concurrent HIV fection(epidemic form)

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